Statistical Models and Search Algorithms for Machine Translation

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Влияние пленочных барьеров на импульсное пробивное напряжение стекла

This paper describes advances in the use of confusion networks as interface between automatic speech recognition and machine translation. In particular, it presents an implementation of a confusion network decoder which significantly improves both in efficiency and performance previous work along this direction. The confusion network decoder results as an extension of a state-of-the-art phrase-based text translation system. Experimental results in terms of decoding speed and translation accuracy are reported on a real-data task, namely the translation of plenary speeches at the European Parliament from Spanish to English

Energy Efficiency Status Report 2012 - Electricity Consumption and Efficiency Trends in the EU-27

This report aims to show the present status of energy consumption in the residential and tertiary sectors in the EU-27 with a special focus on the consumption of main household appliances and equipment. In addition, the report shall demonstrate the energy efficiency progress and estimates of saving potential of electrical energy in the EU-27 residential sector. The report summarises the most recent policy actions introduced at EU level and also outlines some of the important national policies regarding energy efficiency and energy consumption. The report consists of three main parts. The first part shows recent energy data for the residential sector. This includes data on total energy, electricity and gas consumption as well as consumption drivers like the economic and population growth, household characteristics and energy prices. The second part of the report analyses energy consuming household appliances with a focus on electricity using appliances and lighting. The third part concentrates on the tertiary sector showing the latest developments in energy efficiency and consumption of office equipment including consumption trends of office equipment and lighting.JRC.F.7-Renewable Energ

Existe-t-il un paradigme darwinien ? Pour une ontologie historique de la théorie de l’évolution

Darwin’s theory is regarded by many historians as a true scientific revolution That is why the aim of this paper is precisely to account for its revolutionary features, in the framework of an understanding of scientific revolutions that draws on Thomas Kuhn’s works. This implies defining a “Darwinian paradigm”, both as a disciplinary matrix and as an exemplary solution to a given problem. Therefore, we will define the structure and content of Darwin’s theory, in order to highlight the question that could form the basis of a “Darwinian paradigm”, i.e. the problem of the adaptive complexity of life. We will thus identify what could set that paradigm apart from all others, so that the problem of complexity could only be raised and solved within its framework. To do so, we will focus on two dichotomies, i.e. the one between functionalism and formalism, as well as the one between naturalism and idealism. In conclusion, we will point out the limits of Kuhn’s epistemology for the analysis of evolutionary theory, which will lead us to sketch the outline of an alternative approach that we call “historical ontology”. La théorie de Darwin est considérée par de nombreux historiens comme une véritable révolution scientifique, raison pour laquelle l’objectif de cet article est précisément de rendre compte des caractères révolutionnaires de cette théorie, dans le cadre d’une conception des révolutions scientifiques empruntée à l’œuvre de Thomas Kuhn. Cela implique, notamment, la définition d’un « paradigme darwinien », à la fois comme matrice disciplinaire et comme solution exemplaire à un problème donné. Dans un tel but, nous définirons la structure et le contenu de la théorie de Darwin, afin de mettre au jour la problématique qui pourrait être à la base d’un « paradigme darwinien », c’est-à-dire le problème de la complexité adaptative du vivant. Nous identifierons ensuite ce qui distinguerait ce paradigme des autres, si bien que le problème de la complexité ne saurait être posé et résolu que dans son cadre. Pour ce faire, nous nous concentrerons sur deux dichotomies : d’une part, celle entre fonctionnalisme et formalisme, d’autre part, celle entre naturalisme et idéalisme. En conclusion, nous mettrons au jour les limites de l’épistémologie kuhnienne pour l’analyse de la théorie de l’évolution, ce qui nous amènera à esquisser les contours d’une approche alternative, que nous appellerons « ontologie historique »

eSCAPE: a Large-scale Synthetic Corpus for Automatic Post-Editing

Training models for the automatic correction of machine-translated text usually relies on data consisting of (source, MT, human post- edit) triplets providing, for each source sentence, examples of translation errors with the corresponding corrections made by a human post-editor. Ideally, a large amount of data of this kind should allow the model to learn reliable correction patterns and effectively apply them at test stage on unseen (source, MT) pairs. In practice, however, their limited availability calls for solutions that also integrate in the training process other sources of knowledge. Along this direction, state-of-the-art results have been recently achieved by systems that, in addition to a limited amount of available training data, exploit artificial corpora that approximate elements of the "gold" training instances with automatic translations. Following this idea, we present eSCAPE, the largest freely-available Synthetic Corpus for Automatic Post-Editing released so far. eSCAPE consists of millions of entries in which the MT element of the training triplets has been obtained by translating the source side of publicly-available parallel corpora, and using the target side as an artificial human post-edit. Translations are obtained both with phrase-based and neural models. For each MT paradigm, eSCAPE contains 7.2 million triplets for English-German and 3.3 millions for English-Italian, resulting in a total of 14,4 and 6,6 million instances respectively. The usefulness of eSCAPE is proved through experiments in a general-domain scenario, the most challenging one for automatic post-editing. For both language directions, the models trained on our artificial data always improve MT quality with statistically significant gains. The current version of eSCAPE can be freely downloaded from: http://hltshare.fbk.eu/QT21/eSCAPE.html.Comment: Accepted at LREC 201

The ITC-irst statistical machine translation system for IWSLT-2004

Focus of this paper is the system for statistical machine translation developed at ITC-irst. It has been employed in the evaluation campaign of the International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation 2004 in all the three data set conditions of the Chinese-English track. Both the statistical model underlying the system and the system architecture are presented. Moreover, details are given on how the submitted runs have been produced. 1

Energy Consumption and Energy Efficiency Trends in the EU-28 2000-2015

This report aims at showing the present status of energy consumption in the EU-28, in the four main energy consuming sectors: residential, tertiary, transport and industry. During the last years, there have been efforts by the European Union to cut down on energy consumption and improve energy efficiency. From 2000 to 2014, there have been various initiatives that aim at reducing final energy consumption. Therefore, the report demonstrates the energy consumption progress from 2000 to 2015 in the mentioned four sectors.JRC.C.2-Energy Efficiency and Renewable

The repetition rate of text as a predictor of the effectiveness of machine translation adaptation

Abstract Since the effectiveness of MT adaptation relies on the text repetitiveness, the question on how to measure repetitions in a text naturally arises. This work deals with the issue of looking for and evaluating text features that might help the prediction of the impact of MT adaptation on translation quality. In particular, the repetition rate metric, we recently proposed, is compared to other features employed in very related NLP tasks. The comparison is carried out through a regression analysis between feature values and MT performance gains by dynamically adapted versus non-adapted MT engines, on five different translation tasks. The main outcome of experiments is that the repetition rate correlates better than any other considered feature with the MT gains yielded by the online adaptation, although using all features jointly results in better predictions than with any single feature